Potluck

Origin

Spelled pot-luck before the 20th century, from pot + luck. The sense “meal offered by a host to an unexpected guest” dates to 1592;

Online Etymology Dictionary

into the early 20th century, the word was used only to mean “meal provided by the host”.

John Stephen Farmer (American), William Ernest Henley (British), Slang and its analogues past and present, volume 5 (1902), pages 273–274

Webster 1913

Merriam Webster Online

The sense “communal meal” may derive from confusion of potluck and potlatch, though this is uncertain: it may be a simple extension of the traditional meaning of “meal with guests”.

The Word Detective: Potluck, 2009

Some works, e.g. the one cited below from 1879 New York, use the word for an impromptu meal cooked by guests at a party (rather than made by guests bringing food to a party), emphasizing the random nature of the potluck and connecting the modern “communal meal” sense and the older sense.

Full definition of potluck

Noun

1. (dated) A meal, especially one offered to a guest, consisting of whatever is available.Here’s a good potluck of beans and stew.
• George Eliota woman whose potluck was always to be relied on
2. Whatever is available in a particular situation.
3. A meal consisting of whatever guests have brought, particularly from different parts of the world; a potlatch.

Usage notes

The term is commonly used attributively, as in the noun phrase "potluck dinner".

The term is widespread in American English, though the Dictionary of American Regional English finds that it is less common in the South, the Mid-Atlantic states, and New York than elsewhere.

The “communal meal” sense is only recently attested; even in 2010, some dictionaries did not include it while others included it

American Heritage 2006 but sometimes proscribed it, opining that potlatch should be used instead for that sense.

Synonyms

• (communal meal to which guests bring dishes to share) potlatch